Shortening The Long Arm: Can A Restraining Order Be Issued Against An Out Of State Defendant?

There are two types of jurisdictional requirements that must be met in order for a court of law to have the authority to rule on matters: subject matter and personal jurisdiction. Subject matter simply means that a court has the authority to hear a particular kind of case. Personal, or in personam jurisdiction, means that a court has the authority to assert power over a specific person, usually the Defendant.

In Massachusetts, Chapter 209A Section 1 grants subject matter jurisdiction to hear 209A Restraining Order cases to Superior, District, Probate and Family, and Boston Municipal Court departments. In cases where there is only a dating relationship between the parties, Superior Court does not have jurisdiction. Thus, subject matter jurisdiction is usually not an issue in 209A Cases.

On the question of personal jurisdiction, the Court spoke in Lamarche v. Lussier, 65 Mass. App. Ct. 887, in April 2006, clarifying this issue. In this case, the Plaintiff was a native of Massachusetts while the Defendant was from New Hampshire. The couple had a 2 year dating relationship, during which the Plaintiff moved to New Hampshire to live with the Defendant. Shortly thereafter, the Defendant relocated to the State of Washington on a Navy assignment, and the Plaintiff followed. A child was born, and after a brief return to New Hampshire, the Plaintiff remained in Washington. After the relationship ended, the Plaintiff relocated to Massachusetts permanently.

Immediately upon the Plaintiff's return to Massachusetts, she sought a 209A Restraining Order claiming various threats and fears based in part on the Defendants Navy connections. All of these alleged threats took place while both parties were in Washington.

Generally for personal jurisdiction to exist, the Defendant must have been served with the court papers, and have had sufficient contacts with the state so that the assertion of jurisdiction by the Court meets basic due process and fairness standards. There is no set minimum number or types of contacts that are required; the Court will analyze these issues on case by case basis.

The most obvious contact with a state is residence. When the Defendant resides in the state where the court sits, personal jurisdiction is likely established. The other strong but less obvious basis for jurisdiction is waiver. This is when the Defendant does not reside in the state, but comes to defend and litigate the case and does so to conclusion without raising lack of jurisdiction as an objection. The Defendant is deemed to have "waived" his lack of jurisdiction defense because by litigating the case he has voluntarily submitted to the jurisdiction of the Court. In the words of the Court, common factor in waiver of personal jurisdiction are "dilatoriness and participation in, or encouragement of, judicial proceedings."